ScriptWarp Systems

WarpPLS^™

Nonlinear structural equation modeling made easy

[Description] [Download/free trial] [Installation issues] [Testimonials] [Buy license] [User Manual] [WarpPLS blog] [YouTube videos] [Training] [Publications] [Resources] [FAQ] [PLS-SEM email list] [PLS-SEM group on Facebook] [PLS-SEM group on LinkedIn] [Data Analysis Perspectives Journal] [Model-driven data analytics] [VPAT]

*** Annual PLS Applications Symposium ***

Description

Current stable version: 8.0 (released 2022).

Previous stable version: 7.0 (released 2020).

Original version: 1.0 (released 2009).

Main features:

- Powerful PLS-based structural equation modeling (SEM) software.

- Very easy to use, with a step-by-step user interface guide.

- Implements classic (composite-based) as well as factor-based PLS algorithms.

- Identifies nonlinear relationships, and estimates path coefficients accordingly.

- Also models linear relationships, using classic and factor-based PLS algorithms.

- Models reflective and formative variables, as well as moderating effects.

- Calculates P values, model fit and quality indices, and full collinearity coefficients.

- Calculates effect sizes and Q-squared predictive validity coefficients.

- Calculates indirect effects for paths with 2, 3 etc. segments; as well as total effects.

- Calculates several causality assessment coefficients.

- Provides a number of graphs, including zoomed 2D graphs, and 3D graphs.

- Allows for the creation and use of logistic regression variables in models.

WarpPLS is available through self-installing .exe files. These trial versions, valid for 3 months, are full implementations of the software, not demo versions. They are being used on various platforms, the most stable of which seem to be Windows (2000, XP, 7, 8, 10 and 11). Non-Windows users (e.g., Mac OS X and Linux users) are advised to create a Windows partition on their computers using virtualization software, of which one of the most popular is VMWare, and install WarpPLS on that Windows partition.

Please read the instructions below carefully, particularly those related to the MATLAB Compiler Runtime. Additional installation details and discussions, as well uninstallation instructions, are available from the User Manual, linked below. In most cases, previous versions of WarpPLS and of the MATLAB Compiler Runtime may be retained on a user’s computer. Different versions of WarpPLS and of the MATLAB Compiler Runtime generally do not interfere with one other.

Current stable version: 8.0

- Current WarpPLS users. These are users who have WarpPLS installed on their computers. Users are advised to keep previous versions of WarpPLS installed on their computers; they can simply delete the corresponding launch icons from their desktops. Download self-installing .exe file (about 530 KB) from: Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, or Southern USA. This file is small because you do not have to reinstall the MATLAB Compiler Runtime 7.14, which is not included in this installation file.

- New WarpPLS users. These are users who do not have WarpPLS installed on their computers. Download self-installing .exe file (about 175 MB) from: Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, or Southern USA. This file is large because you must install the MATLAB Compiler Runtime 7.14, which is included in this installation file.

Previous stable version: 7.0

- Current WarpPLS users. These are users who have WarpPLS installed on their computers. Users are advised to keep previous versions of WarpPLS installed on their computers; they can simply delete the corresponding launch icons from their desktops. Download self-installing .exe file (about 330 KB) from: Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, or Southern USA. This file is small because you do not have to reinstall the MATLAB Compiler Runtime 7.14, which is not included in this installation file.

- New WarpPLS users. These are users who do not have WarpPLS installed on their computers. Download self-installing .exe file (about 170 MB) from: Download.com, Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, or Southern USA. This file is large because you must install the MATLAB Compiler Runtime 7.14, which is included in this installation file.

MATLAB Compiler Runtime 7.14

Once you download and run one of the large files above (about 170 MB), two main components are installed. The first is the free-distribution MATLAB Compiler Runtime 7.14, which contains code that enables WarpPLS to run on multiple platforms. The second component is WarpPLS.

The MATLAB Compiler Runtime 7.14 is used in versions 2.0-6.0 of WarpPLS. If you already have one of these versions installed on your computer, you should not try to reinstall the Runtime. The same Runtime cannot be installed twice on the same computer.

Register .prj extension

During the installation process you may be able to check or uncheck the option of associating the extension .prj with WarpPLS project files. This option, if checked, allows you to set, using the "Open with" option of Windows Explorer, your most recent version of WarpPLS as the default program to be launched when you double-click on .prj files.

Terms of use

The terms of use of WarpPLS are detailed in the latest version of the User Manual, linked below. Unless stated otherwise, these terms of use, as well as any other rights and responsibilities prescribed by law, apply to all versions of WarpPLS currently in use.

Testimonials

WarpPLS' approach to have indirect effects calculated saves one from the painful steps and time if one is to analyze mediating effects in SPSS. (Chun M. Tang; Senior Lecturer; UCSI University, Malaysia)

I had always liked WarpPLS for its graphic interface, its unique goodness of fit statistics, and its ability to handle nonlinear relationships. This new version is much enhanced with the ability to save the models and graphs in Jpeg files. The ability to read in Excel files directly is also a great enhancement. I also like the new drag-and-drop graphic interface. (Vivek Pandey; Associate Professor; University of Texas at Tyler, USA)

I like the step-by-step design of the main interface; months pass between statistical analysis sessions, and I find it helps me to remember how to get things going. (E. Vance Wilson; Associate Professor; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA)

I notice many improvements in both usability and functionality. On the usability side, all of the fonts are larger which makes the on-screen output easier to read. Also, the drag and drop functionality helps usability as well. There are a number of added features, that broaden the use of the software vis-à-vis other packages that are available. (Geoffrey S. Hubona; Associate Professor; Texas A&M International University, USA)

It handles the missing values quite easily. The analysis results are very well organized and presented. (Xihui "Paul" Zhang; Assistant Professor; University of North Alabama, USA)

Compared to Amos, it is simple to use, no restrictions of having normal dataset, more comprehensive result tables, and it provides P values. I have been reading about and trying to use Amos for about a month now and am still not comfortable with it. With WarpPLS it took me only a couple of hours to play with it and watch a few of the YouTube videos, and I was doing analyses with my data. Very friendly and easy to use! (Ronaldo Parente; Professor; Florida International University, USA)

Overall, really outstanding! (Ryan T. Wright; Professor; University of Virginia, USA)

Very clear guidance to use (the steps approach). Great that we can read .xls (not possible in SmartPLS). I LOVE the idea of having both beta weights and P values in the same model (something that SmartPLS does not enable). Great to have VIFs; to have square roots of average variances extracted (AVE's) shown on diagonal; and to export factor scores and inter-items correlations. (Camille Grange; Associate Professor; HEC Montréal, Canada)

The interface is quite intuitive and easy to follow. I had no problems using the software the first time, even without reading the User Manual. Extensive information produced from data analysis. Neat presentation of the results. (Jun He; Associate Professor; University of Michigan-Dearborn, USA)

The software is very simple to use, and very comfortable. A most relevant aspect I would like to highlight is the ease of the moderator effects analysis. The graphics are very useful. The presentation of the results is very clear and structured. The option to export the results is very simple and useful. (Cayetano Medina; Professor; University of Seville, Spain)

Easy to use, powerful, the interactions are done for you, and it can perform nonlinear analyses. Overall the software has the best interface of any SEM software. (Lionel P. Robert, Jr.; Associate Professor; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, USA)

I really like the fact that you do not need to go elsewhere for the betas, the P values, and the R-squared’s. Additionally, the option of viewing different aspects of the analysis without being overwhelmed with ALL the information is also a positive. The step guidance through building the model reduces the uncertainty of what is next. It definitely has the advantage of showing all the information in one graph. Saving the output in a text file is an advantage I did not find in SmartPLS. (Agustina Cavazos-Garza; Assistant Professor; Texas A&M University - Kingsville, USA)

User Manual

Click on one of the links below to download the latest versions of the User Manual for WarpPLS as PDF files. Right-click on a link and choose the option "Save link as ..." to save the User Manual file to a folder on you computer.

Kock, N. (2024). WarpPLS User Manual: Version 8.0. Laredo, TX: ScriptWarp Systems.

Kock, N. (2021). WarpPLS User Manual: Version 7.0. Laredo, TX: ScriptWarp Systems.

YouTube videos

Training

- Online training is regularly conducted by the creator of WarpPLS, Ned Kock. Upcoming workshops: Annual full-day workshop on PLS-SEM (see below).

- Online training is also regularly conducted by the followig WarpPLS experts (in alphabetical order of last name), who can be contacted directly for more details: Johnny Amora, Atif Bilal, Muhammad Shehzad Hanif, Geoffrey Hubona, Jean P. Lacap, and S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh.

- Annual full-day workshop on PLS-SEM, using WarpPLS, immediately before the annual PLS Applications Symposium. Click here and then on "Workshop on PLS-SEM".

- The annual PLS Applications Symposium is a great opportunity to collaboratively learn with audience and presenters about WarpPLS and PLS-SEM in general.

- Consider subscribing to the PLS-SEM email list, PLS-SEM Facebook group, and PLS-SEM LinkedIn group. These forums contain discussions about WarpPLS and PLS-SEM in general.

- For customized onsite face-to-face training sessions, as well as customized online training, please contact us for more details.

Publications

WarpPLS has been used to study a number of topics in a variety of disciplines and fields, including: accounting, anthropology, clinical psychology, ecology, economics, education, global environmental change, epidemiology, evolutionary psychology, exercise physiology, information systems, international business, finance, management, marketing, medicine, nursing, organizational psychology, and sociology. Click on the link below for a Google Scholar list of links to academic publications using or discussing WarpPLS, some of which are available in full text.

- Google Scholar list of links to academic publications using or discussing WarpPLS

The full text publications below are publicly available on the web, and are also made available here with the goal of timely and wide dissemination of scholarly work. Individuals who decide to use the publications below as a basis for their research, scholarly activities, and/or educational efforts are cautioned against using the publications in ways that abuse and/or violate current laws in connection with the "fair use" of copyrighted material. For example, it is generally prohibited for an individual or organization to obtain financial advantage from the distribution of copyrighted material, if the individual or organization is not the copyright holder.

Methodological discussions based on WarpPLS

The publications below address various methodological issues, often through hands-on discussions of statistical tests that can be performed with WarpPLS. In addition to the publications below, see the User Manual, linked above; the full reference is provided.

Kock, N. (2025). Methods showcase - Using PLSF-SEM in business communication research. International Journal of Business Communication, 62(1), 187-205.

Kock, N. (2024). Conducting a difference-in-differences analysis with PLS-SEM: The classic 2x2 approach. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 5(5), 1-8.

Kock, N. (2024). Will PLS have to become factor-based to survive and thrive? European Journal of Information Systems, 33(6), 882-902.

Kock, N. (2024). Combining composites and factors in PLS-SEM models: A multi-algorithm technique. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 5(4), 1-8.

Samak, A., Islam, M. R., & Hanke, D. (2024). A comparison of data analyses with WarpPLS and Stata: A study of trust and its role regarding internet use and subjective well-being. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 5(3), 1-6.

Tarkom, A., & Gopal, P. (2024). A comparison of multiple regression analyses in Stata and WarpPLS. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 5(2), 1-8.

Cox, J. (2024). Combining sub-samples for improved statistical power in PLS-SEM: A constrained latent growth approach. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 5(1), 1-5.

Kock, N. (2023). Using logistic regression in PLS-SEM: Dichotomous endogenous variables. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 4(4), 1-6.

Kock, N. (2023). Contributing to the success of PLS in SEM: An action research perspective. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 52(1), 730-734.

Kock, N. (2023). Assessing multiple reciprocal relationships in PLS-SEM. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 4(3), 1-8.

Amora, J. T. (2023). On the validity assessment of formative measurement models in PLS-SEM. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 4(2), 1-7.

Ma, K. Q., & Zhang, W. (2023). Assessing univariate and multivariate normality in PLS-SEM. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 4(1), 1-7.

Kock, N. (2022). Using causality assessment indices in PLS-SEM. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 3(5), 1-6.

Ezeugwa, B., Talukder, M. F., Amin, M. R., Hossain, S. I., & Arslan, F. (2022). Minimum sample size estimation in SEM: Contrasting results for models using composites and factors. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 3(4), 1-7.

Kock, N. (2022). Testing and controlling for endogeneity in PLS-SEM with stochastic instrumental variables. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 3(3), 1-6.

Rasoolimanesh, S. M. (2022). Discriminant validity assessment in PLS-SEM: A comprehensive composite-based approach. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 3(2), 1-8.

Canatay, A., Emegwa, T., Lybolt, L. M., & Loch, K. D. (2022). Reliability assessment in SEM models with composites and factors: A modern perspective. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 3(1), 1-6.

Kock, N. (2021). Moderated mediation and J-curve emergence in path models: An information systems research perspective. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 23(3), 303-321.

Kock, N. (2021). Common structural variation reduction in PLS-SEM: Replacement analytic composites and the one fourth rule. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 2(5), 1-6.

Hubona, G., & Belkhamza, Z. (2021). Testing a moderated mediation in PLS-SEM: A full latent growth approach. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 2(4), 1-5.

Amora, J. T. (2021). Convergent validity assessment in PLS-SEM: A loadings-driven approach. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 2(3), 1-6.

Kock, N. (2021). Harman’s single factor test in PLS-SEM: Checking for common method bias. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 2(2), 1-6.

Morrow, D. L., & Conger, S. (2021). Assessing reciprocal relationships in PLS-SEM: An illustration based on a job crafting study. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 2(1), 1-5.

Kock, N. (2020). Using indicator correlation fit indices in PLS-SEM: Selecting the algorithm with the best fit. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 1(4), 1-4.

Moqbel, M., Guduru, R., & Harun, A. (2020). Testing mediation via indirect effects in PLS-SEM: A social networking site illustration. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 1(3), 1-6.

Kock, N. (2020). Multilevel analyses in PLS-SEM: An anchor-factorial with variation diffusion approach. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 1(2), 1-6.

Kock, N. (2020). Full latent growth and its use in PLS-SEM: Testing moderating relationships. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 1(1), 1-5.

Kock, N. (2019). Factor-based structural equation modeling with WarpPLS. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(1), 57-63.

Kock, N. (2019). From composites to factors: Bridging the gap between PLS and covariance‐based structural equation modeling. Information Systems Journal, 29(3), 674-706.

Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227–261.

Kock, N., Avison, D., & Malaurent, J. (2017). Positivist information systems action research: Methodological issues. Journal of Management Information Systems, 34(3), 754-767.

Kock, N. (2017). Which is the best way to measure job performance: Self-perceptions or official supervisor evaluations? International Journal of e-Collaboration, 13(2), 1-9.

Kock, N. (2016). Advantages of nonlinear over segmentation analyses in path models. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 12(4), 1-6.

Kock, N. (2016). Hypothesis testing with confidence intervals and P values in PLS-SEM. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 12(3), 1-6.

Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10.

Kock, N. (2015). One-tailed or two-tailed P values in PLS-SEM? International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(2), 1-7.

Kock, N. (2014). Using data labels to discover moderating effects in PLS-based structural equation modeling. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 10(4), 1-14.

Kock, N. (2014). Advanced mediating effects tests, multi-group analyses, and measurement model assessments in PLS-based SEM. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 10(3), 1-13.

Kock, N. (2013). Using WarpPLS in e-collaboration studies: What if I have only one group and one condition? International Journal of e-Collaboration, 9(3), 1-12.

Kock, N., & Lynn, G.S. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546-580.

Kock, N., & Verville, J. (2012). Exploring free questionnaire data with anchor variables: An illustration based on a study of IT in healthcare. International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics, 7(1), 46-63.

Kock, N. (2011). Using WarpPLS in e-collaboration studies: Mediating effects, control and second order variables, and algorithm choices. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 7(3), 1-13.

Kock, N. (2011). Using WarpPLS in e-collaboration studies: Descriptive statistics, settings, and key analysis results. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 7(2), 1-18.

Kock, N. (2010). Using WarpPLS in e-collaboration studies: An overview of five main analysis steps. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 6(4), 1-11.

Philosophical and mathematical foundations of WarpPLS

WarpPLS builds on the methods of path analysis and partial least squares, developed by evolutionary biologist and geneticist Sewall Wright, and econometrician and statistician Herman Wold, respectively. The publications below address issues related to the philosophical and mathematical foundations of WarpPLS; including issues related to evolutionary biology, numerical calculus, and mathematical statistics.

Kock, N., & Tarkom, A. (2024). How many times until a coincidence becomes a pattern? The case of yield curve inversions preceding recessions and the magical number 7. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 53(16), 5785-5792.

Kock, N., Mayfield, M., & Mayfield, J. (2022). Altruistic leadership and job performance: A Darwinian evolutionary perspective. Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciência Aplicada, 6(1), 1-10.

Kock, N. (2019). Factor-based structural equation modeling: Going beyond PLS and composites. International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies, 11(1), 1–28.

Kock, N. (2018). Single missing data imputation in PLS-based structural equation modeling. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 17(1), 1-23.

Kock, N. (2018). Should bootstrapping be used in PLS-SEM? Toward stable p-value calculation methods. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 2(1), 1-12.

Kock, N., & Sexton, S. (2017). Variation sharing: A novel numeric solution to the path bias underestimation problem of PLS-based SEM. International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences, 8(4), 46-68.

Kock, N. (2017). Structural equation modeling with factors and composites: A comparison of four methods. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 13(1), 1-9.

Kock, N., & Moqbel, M. (2016). Statistical power with respect to true sample and true population paths: A PLS-based SEM illustration. International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies, 8(4), 316-331.

Kock, N., & Gaskins, L. (2016). Simpson’s paradox, moderation, and the emergence of quadratic relationships in path models: An information systems illustration. International Journal of Applied Nonlinear Science, 2(3), 200-234.

Kock, N. (2016). Non-normality propagation among latent variables and indicators in PLS-SEM simulations. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 15(1), 299-315.

Kock, N., & Moqbel, M. (2016). A six-stage framework for evolutionary IS research using path models: Conceptual development and a social networking illustration. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 18(1), 64-88.

Kock, N., & Mayfield, M. (2015). PLS-based SEM algorithms: The good neighbor assumption, collinearity, and nonlinearity. Information Management and Business Review, 7(2), 113-130.

Kock, N. (2015). A note on how to conduct a factor-based PLS-SEM analysis. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(3), 1-9.

Kock, N. (2015). How likely is Simpson’s paradox in path models? International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(1), 1-7.

Kock, N. (2011). A mathematical analysis of the evolution of human mate choice traits: Implications for evolutionary psychologists. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 9(3), 219-247.

Kock, N. (2009). The evolution of costly traits through selection and the importance of oral speech in e-collaboration. Electronic Markets, 19(4), 221-232.

Kock, N. (2009). Information systems theorizing based on evolutionary psychology: An interdisciplinary review and theory integration framework. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 33(2), 395-418.

Cai, G., & Kock, N. (2009). An evolutionary game theoretic perspective on e-collaboration: The collaboration effort and media relativeness. European Journal of Operational Research, 194(3), 821-833.

Kock, N. (2004). The psychobiological model: Towards a new theory of computer-mediated communication based on Darwinian evolution. Organization Science, 15(3), 327-348.

Wold, H. (1980). Model construction and evaluation when theoretical knowledge is scarce. In J. Kmenta and J. B. Ramsey (Eds.), Evaluation of econometric models (pp. 47-74). Waltham, MA: Academic Press.

Wright, S. (1934). The method of path coefficients. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 5(3), 161-215.

Empirical studies employing WarpPLS

WarpPLS has been used in a wide variety of areas. The publications below are a sample that highlights the multidisciplinary reach of the software. Several of these publications are in highly selective refereed journals targeting broad disciplines and specialized fields.

Berglund, E., Lytsy, P., & Westerling, R. (2012). Adherence to and beliefs in lipid-lowering medical treatments: A structural equation modeling approach including the necessity-concern framework. Patient Education and Counseling, 91(1), 105-112.

Biong, H., & Ulvnes, A.M. (2011). If the supplier's human capital walks away, where would the customer go? Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 18(3), 223-252.

Brewer, T.D., Cinner, J.E., Fisher, R., Green, A., & Wilson, S.K. (2012). Market access, population density, and socioeconomic development explain diversity and functional group biomass of coral reef fish assemblages. Global Environmental Change, 22(2), 399-406.

Chatterjee, S., Sarker, S., & Valacich, J. S. (2015). The behavioral roots of information systems security: Exploring key factors related to unethical IT use. Journal of Management Information Systems, 31(4), 49-87.

Gebauer, J., Kline, D., & He, L. (2011). Password security risk versus effort: An exploratory study on user-perceived risk and the intention to use online applications. Journal of Information Systems Applied Research, 4(2), 52-62.

Gountas, S., & Gountas, J. (2016). How the ‘warped’ relationships between nurses' emotions, attitudes, social support and perceived organizational conditions impact customer orientation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(2), 283-293.

Guo, K.H., Yuan, Y., Archer, N.P., & Connelly, C.E. (2011). Understanding nonmalicious security violations in the workplace: A composite behavior model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 28(2), 203-236.

Iconaru, C. (2013). The moderating role of perceived self-efficacy in the context of online buying adoption. Broad Research in Accounting, Negotiation, and Distribution, 4(1), 20-29.

Ketkar, S., Kock, N., Parente, R., & Verville, J. (2012). The impact of individualism on buyer-supplier relationship norms, trust and market performance: An analysis of data from Brazil and the U.S.A. International Business Review, 21(5), 782–793.

Kim, M.J., Park, C.G., Kim, M., Lee, H., Ahn, Y.-H., Kim, E., Yun, S.-N., & Lee, K.-J. (2012). Quality of nursing doctoral education in Korea: Towards policy development. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(7), 1494-1503.

Kock, N. (2015). Wheat flour versus rice consumption and vascular diseases: Evidence from the China Study II data. Cliodynamics, 6(2), 130–146.

Kock, N., & Chatelain-Jardón, R. (2011). Four guiding principles for research on evolved information processing traits and technology-mediated task performance. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 12(10), 684-713.

Kock, N., & Gaskins, L. (2014). The mediating role of voice and accountability in the relationship between Internet diffusion and government corruption in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Information Technology for Development, 20(1), 23-43.

Kock, N., & Moqbel, M. (2021). Social networking site use, positive emotions, and job performance. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 61(2), 163-173.

Kock, N., Mayfield, M., Mayfield, J., Sexton, S., & De La Garza, L. (2019). Empathetic leadership: How leader emotional support and understanding influences follower performance. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 26(2), 217-236.

Kock, N., Moqbel, M., Jung, Y., & Syn, T. (2018). Do older programmers perform as well as young ones? Exploring the intermediate effects of stress and programming experience. Cognition, Technology & Work, 20(3), 489-504.

Kock, N., Verville, J., Danesh, A., & DeLuca, D. (2009). Communication flow orientation in business process modeling and its effect on redesign success: Results from a field study. Decision Support Systems, 46(2), 562-575.

Melton, B. L., Moqbel, M., Kanaan, S., & Sharma, N. K. (2016). Structural equation model of disability in low back pain. Spine, 41(20), 1621–1627.

Molina, C.M., Moreno, R.R., & Moreno, M.R. (2011). El papel moderador de la cultura en la generación de satisfacción y lealtad. Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 17(1), 57-73.

Moqbel, M. and Kock, N. (2018). Unveiling the dark side of social networking sites: Personal and work-related consequences of social networking site addiction. Information & Management, 55(1), 109-119.

Mulkeen, J., Abdou, H.A., & Parke, J. (2017). A three stage analysis of motivational and behavioural factors in UK internet gambling. Personality and Individual Differences, 107(1), 114-125.

Nevo, S., Nevo, D., & Pinsonneault, A. (2021). Personal achievement goals, learning strategies, and perceived IT affordances. Information Systems Research, 32(4), 1298-1322.

Orzan, G., Serban, C., Iconaru, C., & Macovei, O.I. (2013). Modeling the impact of online social marketing campaigns on consumers’ environmentally friendly behavior. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(3), 14-21.

Rasoolimanesh, S.M., Jaafar, M., Kock, N. and Ahmad, A. G. (2017). The effects of community factors on residents’ perceptions toward World Heritage Site inscription and sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 198-216.

Schmiedel, T., vom Brocke, J., & Recker, J. (2014). Development and validation of an instrument to measure organizational cultures’ support of business process management. Information & Management, 51(1), 43-56.

Schmitz, K. W., Teng, J. T., & Webb, K. J. (2016). Capturing the complexity of malleable IT use: Adaptive structuration theory for individuals. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 40(3), 663-686.

Ulvnes, A. M., & Solberg, H. A. (2016). Can major sport events attract tourists? A study of media information and explicit memory. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(2), 143-157.

Zhang, X., Dhaliwal, J., & Gillenson, M.L. (2010). Organizing software testing for improved quality and satisfaction. Journal of Information Technology Management, 21(4), 1-12.

Doctoral dissertations employing WarpPLS

WarpPLS is widely used by doctoral students in universities around the world. Many of these doctoral students are housed in highly ranked departments. The publications below are a sample of doctoral dissertations employing WarpPLS, which are often praised due to the extensive set of outputs provided by the software.

Agbeblewu, S.K. (2021). Enhancing solver motivation in crowdsourcing using work design: The mediating role of the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Perth, Australia: Edith Cowan University.

Al-Alawi, A.N.S. (2017). Holistic approach to the factors affecting individual investor’s decision making in the GCC markets: Evidence from Oman and Saudi Arabia. Plymouth, England: Plymouth University.

Alhayyan, K.N. (2012). Economic culture and trading behaviors in information markets. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.

Bakay, A. (2012). Trust in peers, supervisor, and top management: A two-country study. Laredo, TX: Texas A&M International University.

Dohan, M. (2017). The importance of healthcare informatics competencies (HICs) for service innovation in paramedicine: A mixed-methods investigation. Hamilton, Canada: McMaster University.

Garza, V. (2011). Online learning in accounting education: A study of compensatory adaptation. Laredo, TX: Texas A&M International University.

Gaskins, L. (2013). The effect of information and communications technology (ICT) diffusion on corruption and transparency (a global study). Laredo, TX: Texas A&M International University.

Khanlarian, C.J. (2010). A longitudinal study of web-based homework. Greensboro, NC: University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Lemos, A.Q. (2016). Effectuation e causation: Um estudo sobre o processo decisório empreendedor em redes de micros e pequenos supermercados. São Paulo, Brazil: Fundação Getúlio Vargas. (In Portuguese.)

Mohamadali, N.A. (2012). Exploring new factors and the question of ‘which’ in user acceptance studies of healthcare software. Nottingham, England: University of Nottingham.

Moqbel, M. (2012). The effect of the use of social networking sites in the workplace on job performance. Laredo, TX: Texas A&M International University.

Morrow, D.L. (2018). An exploration of the reciprocal relationship between job crafting techniques and job demands-resources job crafting. Dallas, TX: University of Dallas.

Ogara, S.O. (2011). Design for social presence and exploring its mediating effect in mobile data communication services. Denton, TX: University of North Texas.

Owen, K.D. (2016). Motivation and demotivation of hackers in the selection of a hacking task – a contextual approach. Hamilton, Canada: McMaster University.

Peroba, T.L.C. (2013). Modelo de avaliação de capital intelectual para os cursos de mestrado profissional em administração: Uma contribuição para a gestão das instituições de ensino superior. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Fundação Getúlio Vargas. (In Portuguese.)

Reijsen, J.V. (2014). Knowledge perspectives on advancing dynamic capability. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Utrecht University.

Roni, M.S.M.M. (2015). An analysis of insider dysfunctional behavours in an accounting information system environment. Perth, Australia: Edith Cowan University.

Taskin, N. (2011). Flexibility and strategic alignment of enterprise resource planning systems with business strategies: An empirical study. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.

Resources (with links to various files)

Right-click on the links and choose the option "Save link as ..." to save the files to a folder on you computer.

Excel files with sample datasets

- E-collaboration technologies study dataset. Spreadsheet (.xls file) containing a sample dataset from a study of teams that used e-collaboration technologies to different degrees. See this video, which uses a similar dataset. See also this publication, which includes a discussion of the notion of lateral collinearity. The data contains one instance of formative measurement. While it is based on a real study, the data has been modified (e.g., through the addition of error) for pedagogical reasons.

- SAT scores study dataset. Spreadsheet (.xls file) containing a sample dataset from a data mining analysis focused on SAT scores in school districts of a state in the USA. See this video, which uses a slightly modified dataset. The data is based on a real analysis, but has been modified (e.g., through the addition of error) for pedagogical reasons.

- E-collaboration moderation simulated dataset. Spreadsheet (.xlsx file) containing a sample dataset with data and data labels illustrating a moderating effect. See this video, which uses a slightly modified dataset. The data has been created based on a Monte Carlo simulation, and is discussed in this publication.

- Latitude and cancer rates dataset. Spreadsheet (.xlsx file) containing a sample dataset that can be used to illustrate the use of data labels to better understand small samples. See this video, which uses a slightly modified dataset. The data is based on a real study, but has been modified (e.g., through the addition of error) for pedagogical reasons.

- Job perceptions and performance dataset. Spreadsheet (.xlsx file) containing a sample dataset that can be used to illustrate a reciprocal relationship and endogeneity assessment. See this video, which also illustrates these issues based on a different dataset. The data has been created through a Monte Carlo simulation, and is based on past theory and empirical research.

- Job performance in three companies dataset. Spreadsheet (.xlsx file) containing a sample dataset that can be used to illustrate a multilevel analysis. See this video, which also illustrates this and related issues based on a slightly different dataset. The data has been created through a Monte Carlo simulation, and is based on past theory and empirical research.

- Dataset with and without common method bias. Spreadsheet (.xlsx file) containing a sample dataset that can be used to illustrate common method bias tests. See this video, which discusses common method bias and related issues based on a slightly different dataset. The data has been created through a Monte Carlo simulation, and is based on past theory and empirical research.

Powerpoint files with model templates

- Sample model with hypotheses (.ppt file). This is a sample .ppt file with a model and hypotheses. Users can modify this file and copy and paste the model into their papers.

- Sample model with results (.ppt file). This is a sample .ppt file with model results. Specific symbols for path coefficients and R-squared values are used. Users can modify this file and copy and paste the model into their papers.

Excel files with formulas

- Mediating effects using the Sobel's standard error method. Spreadsheet (.xls file) with formulas for assessment of mediating effects using Sobel's standard error method, which is discussed in this publication. Mediating effects can be also assessed using the automatic indirect effects calculation feature of WarpPLS. This feature allows for the full assessment of mediating effects of varying levels of complexity.

- Multi-group analysis using the pooled and Satterthwaite standard error methods. Spreadsheet (.xls file) with formulas for conducting a multi-group analysis using the pooled and Satterthwaite standard error methods. The basis for comparison are coefficients generated by WarpPLS, including path coefficients and their standard errors. This spreadsheet employs an approach discussed in this publication. Multi-group analyses can also be conducted automatically using the "Explore multi-group analyses" feature of WarpPLS; related features are: "Explore measurement invariance" and "Explore full latent growth".